သုတေသနစာတမ်းများ

This paper is concerned with the wild orchids (Subfamily Vandoideae) of natural habitats in Aung Ban and Heho area, Yee-Aye reserved forest in Kalaw Township and Hopone area of Southern Shan State. There are various types of forests in study area. Yee-Aye reserved forest is hill evergreen forest type. Various kinds of wild orchids have been found in this study area. They are epiphytes, lithophytes, terrestrial and very rare saporophytic orchids. Photographs have been taken to record habitats of orchids in nature. In this paper belongs to (5) genera and (7) species were collected, classified, identified and described with photograph of their natural habitats and inflorescences and constructed by own key and record with GPS location

Study of a medicinal plant Heliotropium indicum L. (Sin-nha-maung-gyi) belong to the family Boraginaceae which were collected from Tha-Kay-Ta Township, Yangon Rigion. In this research morphological characters and antimicrobial activity were detect. In morphological study, the plants are annual herbs, stem herbaceous, cylindrical; leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate, and both surfaces pubescent; inflorescence terminal and axillary, heliocoidal spike; flowers are pale purple; stamens epipetalous; overy bicarpellary. In antimicrobial activity, the different solvents extracts of the whole plants and isolated compounds were tested by using agar-well diffusion method. The solvents extracts were tested against six pathogenic microorganisms. According to the result, pet-ether extract, chloroform extract and ethyl acetate extract show antimicrobial activities on all tested organisms.

In this study, algae specimens were collected from upper surface of four sampling sites, Shwe Kyar Lake, Minn San Quarter, Saging Region during September 2019 and May 2020. All the collected specimens had been listed by the classification system of [5]. The total 18 algal species were found in this study area. Among them 1 species, 1 genus, 1 family belong to 1 order of Cyanophyceae; 1 species, 1 genus, 1 family belong to 1 order of Euglenophyceae; 2 species, 2 genera, 1 family belong to 1 order of Bacillariophyceae; 14 species, 7 genera, 5 families belong to 3 orders of Chlorophyceae had been identified, described and recorded. The present study is to investigate of some algae and to reveal managing and monitoring the aquatic ecosystems and in application of algae as a food supply.

The medicinal plant Ruellia tuberosa L. of Acanthaceae family is a tropical plant widely distributed in South East Asia. In phytochemical investigation, 10 compounds were studied. Among them, glycoside, alkaloid, reducing sugar, terpene, phenolic compound, polyphenol, saponin and tannin were present but flavonoid and steroid were absent in the powder of study plant. Moreover, the antibacterial activity were carried out by using 95% ethanol, ethyl-acetate and n-hexane. Ethanol extract, n-hexane extract and ethyl-acetate extract were obtained the best inhibition zone diameter (0.7 cm) on Salmonella typhi. The inhibition zone of ethanol extract showed the most effective on Staphylococcus aureus (0.8 cm) and less inhibition zone showed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.3 cm). All of the bacteria strains except in E. coli were showed sensitive to different plant extracts. E. coli strain was resistant to all of the plant extracts (n-hexane, ethyl-acetate and ethanol). These are not showed inhibition zone on plant extracts.

The effect of Nostoc on germination of Zea mays L. (maize) was studied by using Nostoc suspension under the laboratory experiment.  This experiment was carried out at Department of Botany, Yadanabon University from December 2019 to February 2020.  The seeds of maize were treated with different concentrations of Nostoc suspension (1 gl^-1, 2 gl^-1, 3 gl^-1, 4 gl^-1 and 5 gl^-1) and assigned as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 using CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with five replication. Among them, 3 gl^-1, Nostoc suspension treatment showed the best germination and plant growth of laboratory experiment. According to the results, it was found that Nostoc suspension can actually improve the seed germination, shoot and root length of maize plant..

The present study has been undertaken on three medicinal and poisonous plants used to cure various diseases in traditional medicine. Catharanthus roseus  ( L.) G. Don., Nerium oleander L. and Thevetia peruviana (Peris.) Merr. were selected by literature survey. Medicinal data information was collected from personal interview with traditional practitioners. The selected species was classified and identified. The morphological characters, Myanmar name, English name of these plants have been studied and presented with their necessary colour photographs. The toxic part and toxic substances present in these plants were described according to literature. The plant parts used as traditional medicine for various diseases were tested on the presence or absence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, saponins , glycosides, tannins and reducing sugars. All studied compounds were present in Catharanthus roseus , Nerium oleander and Thevetia peruviana. Except, reducing sugar was absent in Thevetia peruviana.

Heliotropium indicum L. is used in folkloric medicine for many diseases. In the present project study, the phytochemical screening of plants of Heliotropium indicum L. extracts gave rise to some compounds such as Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, phenolic, steroids, Saponins, respectively. Moreover, some elements in Heliotropium indicum L. were analyzed by EDXRF method. According to qualitative EDXRF measurement, Ca (55.450 %), K (21.259 %), CL (11.163 %), Fe (6.376%), S (2.419 %) and trace amount of elements Mn (0.978%), Zn (0.387 %), Cu(0.175%),were contained in Heliotropiumindicum L.. The antimicrobial activities of Heliotropium indicum L.was performed by agar well diffusion method. Water, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Heliotropium indicum L. did not show antimicrobial activity. But, ethyl acetate extracts of Heliotropium indicum L. against seven test organisms. In leaves, EtoAc extract of Heliotropium indicum L. showed strong activity (22.92-32.46mm) against seven test organisms. According to the above results, Heliotropium indicum L. could be used in different traditional and play important roles in maintaining healthy life style.

The present paper deals with taxonomic study on some species growing in Myingyan Degree College Campus, Myingyan Township. Some species of flowering plants were collected from June to August 2019. Among them, (8) species belonging to (8) genera from (7) families were recorded, identified and classified. The morphological characters of these species were also described with Scientific names, Myanmar names, English names, family.

Field experiment was conducted to effect of Spirulina biofertilizer on growth parameters of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet cv. Shweyinmar (lablab bean) at Yadanabon University during 2017 and 2018. This experiment was using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications and Spirulina suspension 3 g l^–1 (ST₃) and 4 g l^–1 (ST₄) were treated with lablab bean seeds. According to these results Spirulina biofertilizer 3 gl^-1 has increased growth parameters of lablab bean cultivar (Shweyinmar) statistically significant than other treatment and control.

In this research work deals with the study of physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Acacia concinna DC. (Kin-mun-gyin). The phytochemical investigation of  Kin-mun-gyin indicated the presence of alkaloids, α-amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and tannins whereas cyanogenic glycosides were not detected. The elemental analysis was also carried out by EDXRF and AAS techniques. The percent composition of the nutritional values of this sample was determined by AOAC method. Determination of total ash and physicochemical characterization of this sample were also determined by various soluble matter. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of polar and non-polar extracts such as pet-ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from this sample were tested six microorganisms such as pet-ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from this sample were tested six microorganisms by agar well diffusion method. From these results, it was found that ethanol extract of Kin-mun-gyin leaves showed the most pronounced antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus by agar well diffusion method.

Clitoria ternatea L., also known as butterfly pea flower, has antimicrobial properties that are beneficial to human health. In Myanmar, Aung-me-nyo plant has been of keen interest due to its wide spectrum of medicinal uses and biological activities. In the present research, parts of Clitoria ternatea L. (flower, leaf, root, seed and stem) were selected for chemical analysis. Firstly, the preliminary phytochemical screening of each part of Clitoria ternatea L. was been carried out. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of watery extract of white flower, blue flower, leaf, root, seed and stem of Clitoria ternatea L. were respectively tested against six species of microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus,  Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens,        Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus pumilus and  Bacillus subtilis by employing agar well diffusion method. From the results, it could be suggested that it has medicinal uses not only flower but also all parts of the Clitoria ternatea.

The present study aims to evaluate phytochemical, antimicrobial and acute toxicity study, mineral contents, fatty acids components and isolation of compound of Swietenia macrophlla King. The phytochemical analysis by standard methods revealed that all tested phytochemical constituents except tannins were present in Swietenia macrophlla seeds.  The seeds contain potassium with the highest amount of 0.8049% analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry.  The ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts showed low activity against tested microorganisms expect Pseudomonas aeruginosa determined by agar well diffusion method. The acute toxicity test by OECD guide line showed that extract had non-toxic effect on doses of 2500 mg/kg. The fatty acids analysis by GC-MS exhibited the presence of high level of oleic acid in seeds. Furthermore, swietenolide and fatty acid fraction were isolated from Swietenia macrophlla seeds by silica gel column chromatography. The structure of swietenolide was confirmed by Fourier-Transform Infrared assignments and its melting point.

This research concerns with the study on the investigation of phytochemicals, minerals composition, nutrients values, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from the leaves of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng (Curry leaves). From the preliminary phytochemical tests, it indicated the presence of bioactive compounds. In the screening of mineral elements by EDXRF method, calcium was found to be major element, and silicon, potassium and sulphur were minor elements. The examination of nutrients content by AOAC method showed that the leaves contained essential nutrients for human health. Antimicrobial activity of four extracts on the six microorganisms was tested by agar well diffusion method. All tested extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against on all selected microorganisms. From the result of antioxidant activity by DPPH method, ethanol extract was observed more potent than watery extract. According to the experimental results, the leaves of M. koenigii possess effective chemical phytonutrients, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

According to literature report, ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) has been known to use in Myanmar traditional medicine system in connection with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities and therefore locally grown ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) has been chosen for this study. This research aims to investigate the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of the selected sample. The total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau assay method and it was found to be 14.572 and 3.64 EAE/mg respectively for ethanol and watery extract. Antioxidant activity of the sample was determined by DPPH method at Meiktila University and it possessed IC₅₀ values of 12.21μg/mL for ethanol extract and 48.34μg/mL for watery extract of Zingiber officinale Rosc.

The leaves ash was prepared from air dried leaves of Gigantochloa apus (Schult. & Schult. f.) Kurz at 800-1000°C for ten hours by using the furnace. The pH value and moisture content of this ash were determined by pH meter and oven method at 100 ± 5°C. The mineral contents of the air dried leaves and these leaves ash were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. The silica was extracted from this ash by alkaline extraction method. The yield percentage of extracted silica was found to be 65.9060-65.9110 %. The pH value and moisture content of extracted silica were also determined. The elemental analysis of extracted silica was analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. And the extracted silica was assigned by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy

As the interest of uses from the various part of Verbena officinalis Linn., preliminarily phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial property was performed. This study revealed the prominent phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids were presented in the seed, leaves and stem of V.officinalis. All plant samples contain the triterpenoid compound, ursolic acid by checking thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method. Antimicrobial activity of plant was screened by agar well diffusion method on the different six microorganisms. The ethyl acetate extract of V officinalis can mostly inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that compare to other five microorganisms namely: Bacillus pumalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escheichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and C. albicans.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals, minerals, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bitter melon seeds (Momordica charantia Linn.). Firstly, phytochemical screening of bitter melon seeds was performed by employing the standard procedure and the results revealed the presence of alkaloid, phenolic and polyphenol compound, terpene and terpenoid, steroid, glycoside and saponin. According to the elemental analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer, phosphorus is the highest content in the sample followed by potassium, aluminium, sulphur, calcium, chlorine, iron, zinc, manganese, vanadium and copper. The antimicrobial assay was performed by agar-well diffusion method on six test microorganisms. Additionally, the ethanolic extract was studied for antioxidant property using DPPH free radicals scavenging assay. Ethanolic extract showed radical scavenging activity on DPPH with IC₅₀ of 143.49 mg/mL. Moreover, the bitter principle of bitter melon, momordicin I was isolated from ethyl acetate extract by chromatographic methods and characterized by FT IR spectroscopic technique.

In this study, one of the Myanmar indigenous medicinal plants, Morinda citrifolia Linn., Myanmar named Ye-yo was chosen for investigation of antimicrobial, anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities. The leaf of Morinda citrifolia Linn. was collected from Magway Township, Magway Region in May, 2019. Antimicrobial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method and tested on six microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Escherichia coli. All extracts responded against effective antimicrobial activity on all tested organisms except chloroform extract. Moreover, a potent anti-diabetic activity of the leaf of this plant was examined by adrenaline induced diabetic mice model method. Glibenclamide was used as standard drug. This plant showed remarkable inhibitory activity. In addition, antioxidant activity of ethanol extract was determined by DPPH assay method. IC₅₀ value of the ethanol extract of the selected sample was found to be 3.26μg/mL compared with standard ascorbic acid (IC₅₀=0.91µg/mL).

The present study intended to investigate the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of cauliflower. Preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out by test tubes method indicating the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, polyphenols, steroids and terpenoids. The elemental analysis was determined by using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. The highest amount of potassium 1.689 % was found in this sample. Nutritional compositions such as water content, ash, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat and available carbohydrate were examined by AOAC method. The contents of these values are 81.9 %, 0.62 %, 1.9 %, 2.03 %, 0.23 %and 13.32 %. The antioxidant activity of cauliflower sample was measured by DPPH assay method. The IC₅₀  value of ethanol extract was observed to be 257. 98 µg/mL.

Banda seed collected from Hinthada Township revealed relatively the highest content of K and P on the report of Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence spectrum. Banda seed oil (15.09 g, 30.18 %) was extracted from seed sample by hydro-distillation method. Then Banda seed oil was trans-esterified by base-catalyzed process and assigned by fourier transform infrared(FT IR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that totally ten compounds with the mixture of methyl ester and terpenes contained in Banda seed oil. By direct extraction method, four crude extracts of Terminalia catappa seed were prepared with various solvents: petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, 96 % ethanol and water. Antimicrobial activity of four crude extracts and Banda seed oil were investigated against ten microorganisms by paper disc diffusion method. It was found that all tested seed samples inhibited ten tested microorganisms with the range between 9~27 mm.

ဤစာတမ်းသည် ကုန်းဘောင်ခေတ် စိန္တကျော်သူ ဦးဩ၏ ရတုများမှ “ချစ်၍ခေါ်သည်၊ ချစ်၍ ခေါ်ရာ” ချီရတုနှစ်ပုဒ်ကို နှိုင်းယှဉ်ထားသော စာတမ်းဖြစ်ပါ သည်။ ထိုရတုတို့မှ မဟာနန္ဒာကန်၏ သာယာ လွမ်းမောဖွယ် ကောင်းပုံကို သိရှိစေရန် ဖြစ်သည်။ ထိုသို့ လေ့လာရ ခြင်းဖြင့် မြန်မာစာပေမှ ရတုကဗျာ များကို လေ့လာ ရာတွင် အထောက်အကူ ပြုနိုင် မည်ဟု မျှော်လင့်မိ ပါသည်။

ဤစာတမ်းသည် ဝန်ကြီးချုပ်ဦးနုရေးသားသော လူထုအောင်  သံပြဇာတ်၏ ဇာတ်လမ်းဖန်တီးပုံကို စာပေရှုထောင့်မှ  လေ့ လာသည့် စာတမ်းဖြစ်ပါသည်။ လေ့လာရာတွင် စာနှင့် တိုက် ရိုက်ဆိုင်သော ရည်ရွယ်ချက်အပြင် စာမှတစ်ဆင့် ထုတ်ယူနိုင် သော ရည်ရွယ်ချက်ဖြင့်လည်း ဇာတ်လမ်း ဖန်တီးထားပုံ ကို လေ့လာထားပါသည်။ ခေတ်စနစ်၏ အခြေအနေကို ပြည်သူတို့ သတိပြုမိစေလိုသောကြောင့် ဤသို့ဖန်တီးထားသည် ဟုဆိုနိုင် ပါသည်။ ပြဇာတ်စာပေ လေ့လာလိုသူများအတွက် အကျိုး ကျေးဇူး  ရရှိစေနိုင်ပါသည်။

ဤစာတမ်းသည် အင်းဝခေတ်စာပေများမှ လူငယ်တို့ အတွက် လမ်းညွှန်ချက်များကို လေ့လာတင်ပြထားသော စာတမ်းဖြစ်ပါသည်။    အင်းဝခေတ်စာပေများထဲမှ     စာဆို ရှင်မဟာ သီလဝံသရေးဖွဲ့ခဲ့သော တိလောကဆုံးမစာ၊ ပါရမီတော်ခန်းပျို့၊ ဓမ္မပါလပျို့တို့တွင် ဆရာတော်ရေးဖွဲ့ ထားသော စာအကြောင်းအရာ များထဲမှ လူငယ်တို့အတွက် လမ်းညွှန်ချက်များကို ထုတ်နုတ်  သုတေသနပြုထားခြင်း  ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ထိုသို့တင်ပြရာတွင်  အင်းဝခေတ် စာပေ အခြေအနေ၊ ရှင်မဟာသီလဝံသ၏အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိအကျဉ်း၊ ဆရာ တော်၏ လူငယ်တို့အတွက်လမ်းညွှန်ချက်များ ဟူသော ခေါင်းစဉ်များဖြင့် တင်ပြထားပါသည်။

The research aimed to study the different types of citations found in the research article introductions across disciplines. The objectives were to find out the main types of citation and classify them into the sub-types of citation found in the introductions across disciplines, and to make a comparative study of these types of citations between the research article introductions written by hard and soft discipline writers. Using Thompson and Tribble [1], the citations found in 20 research article introductions across the disciplines were investigated. The results revealed that the frequency of integral citations was greater than that of non-integral citations and non-citation was mostly used and reference was the least use. Besides, the non-integral citation by hard writers was more frequently used than that by soft writers. It is suggested that further studies on citation practices used in different subsections of a research article on disciplinary variations could be done.

Vocabulary represents one of the most important skills that are necessary for teaching and learning a foreign language. It is the basis for the development of all the skills such as reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Vocabulary is also the key to develop reading comprehension. As learners learn to read more advanced texts, they must pay attention to the meaning of new words that are not part of their oral vocabulary. The focus of this paper will be on why vocabulary is so important in reading, on what factors that make words difficult, on the main reasons for which students who start learning to enhance reading comprehension and on some techniques which help them learn the vocabulary. Besides, the result of this paper shows the guided reading method and bilingual method that the language teachers used to deliver the materials in teaching reading. In teaching and learning process, language teachers gave guidance, direction and information concerning reading comprehension to their students.     

Students’ speaking skill development plays an important role in order to promote their communicative skill and social skill. In our country, as students are long-term exposures of rote learning to get good marks in the exam test, almost all of engineering students did not focus on promoting speaking ability. In order to raise students’ involvement in speaking activities, the most effective teaching and learning strategies need to be applied in the classroom. Pre-test and Post-test are used in this paper to determine students’ progress in speaking skill as well as to discover their opinions about current teaching methods and their future needs with regard to English language. In this paper, questionnaires are collected from fourth year students in Technological University (Sagaing) to highlight the results of modifying lesson. This research paper reveals that creating interactive classroom environment such as students’ autonomy during the classroom activity and modifying lessons from the textbook make the students’ oral skill (speaking skill) enhance.

The aim of this research is to investigate and analyze English reading comprehension questions of the third year course at MIIT using revised Bloom’s taxonomy. Generally, English language questions are categorized into four main sections: reading, vocabulary, grammar and writing. Of these, reading comprehension questions are focused on this paper to explore which cognitive levels are more set in these questions based on revised Bloom’s taxonomy. So, all the reading comprehension questions of the third year English course at MIIT for five semesters from the academic year (2017-2018) to (2019-2020) are collected. Then, the data are analyzed and the frequencies and percentages of the existence of the students’ critical thinking skills from the reading comprehension questions are calculated.  The results indicate that 70.27% of reading instructions are in LOTS and 29.23% in HOTS. Although the cognitive levels from the reading comprehension questions are using many more LOTS than HOTS questions, they can provide students to arouse their critical thinking skills. It is hoped that the present study would be useful for English Language teachers to be able to analyze and set questions that can extend over students’ critical thinking skills aligned with their language levels.

The aim of this research paper is the isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from rhizosphere soil and hence the production of biofertilizer from it. A total of seven bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of grass naturally growing near the Recreation Centre in the Pathein University Campus, Ayeyarwady Region during July to November, 2019. Based on results of enumeration and solubilization index, only four isolated bacteria, PSBGS-1 (T1), PSBGR-2 (T2), PSBGR-4 (T3) and PSBGR-6 (T4) were selected as inoculants to test the effect of these bacteria on the growth of rice. Most biochemical test results showed isolated bacteria may belong to the genera of Pseudomonas and Bacillus. In this study, shoot length of all treatments are significantly (p<0.05) longer than over control except at 5^th and 7^th day and then root length were also significant over control. So, they can be used as inoculums for the production of phosphate based biofertilizer.

Length –weight relationship (LWRSs) is one of the yield authentic biological information and is of great importance in fishery assessment. The investigation of length-weight relationship and some growth parameters of the tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) based on the shrimp culture in demonstration farm of Myanmar Sustainable Aquaculture Programme (MYSAP) was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019 in U-To Village, Chaungtha Township, Ayeyarwady Region. Six earthen ponds (pond 1, 3 and 6 of monoculture ponds and pond 2, 4 and 5 of polyculture ponds) were prepared for culture. Feeding for monoculture ponds was managed by natural feed without supplementary feed and floating pellet were used as feed for polyculture ponds. During the studied period, the length and weight of prawn were regularly measured to estimate the relation of length–weight of studied species according to King, 1996. By analyzing the data, the ‘b’ values of the studied species were 1.789, 2.730 and 1.685 in pond 1, pond 3 and pond 6 of monoculture ponds and the ‘b’ values in polyculture ponds were 1.746, 1.170 and 1.360 in pond 2, pond 4 and pond 5 respectively.

The study was conducted in Thu Nge Taw Village from November 2017 to April 2018. 39 species of birds belonging to ten orders, 23 families and 35 genera were recorded as 19 water birds and the remaining 20 species as terrestrial birds. The species belonging to Order Passeriformes were most abundant (35.89%), followed by Ciconiiformes (23.07%), Charadriiformes and Coraciiformes (10.25%), Gruiformes (7.69%) and Anseriformes, Podicipediformes, Pelecaniformes and Bucerotiformes  (2.56% each). Average abundance indicated that common species (30), very common species (six) and uncommon species (three) in the study period. In the study area two Myanmar endemic birds species of Mirafra microptera and Turdodides gularis were recorded. It may be concluded that Thu Nge Taw Village is suitable place for avifauna to inhabit due to abundance of vegetation and being undisturbed by human being.

Pesticides and other poisonous chemicals used in growing fruit and vegetables can pose arisk of developing cancer in people. In the present study, the effects of household processing on removal of pesticide (profenofos) residues in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. mustard greens were determined. Study period lasted from February 2017 to July 2017. Mustard greens (405 plants), which had been grown for 45 days, were sprayed with 0.2% of the insecticide profenofos for 3 consecutive days. After 24 hours, mustard greens were harvested and divided between three groups and subjected to different household processing methods, i.e., washing with water, washing with water and dipping in a 1 % salt solution, and control (no processing). The pesticide residue amounts after processing were measured by Gas chromatography – Mass Spectrometry(GC/MS) method. High amount of residue were found in the control group, with residue levels of 93.45 mg/kg (milligram per kilogram). Much lower amounts of profenofos were found after washing of the mustard greens with tap water with (30 mg/kg), or after washing and subsequent dipping in a 1% salt solution (25.26 mg/kg) of sample had pesticide residues below maximum residue levels(MRL) then it is save for human consumption. Subjecting mustard greens to dipping in salt water was found to be more effective than only washing of mustard greens with tap water.

The study area is located in the Monywa District of the Sagaing Region. It covers approximately 120 sq. km. Geotectonically, the study area is mainly composed of sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Tertiary age. The sedimentary rocks are Irrawaddy Formation and Khabo Formation of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. Volcanic rocks are olivine basalt (Inde hill). Basaltic tuff and volcaniclastic rocks are dominant in the area. The regional trend of the volcanic rocks is generally about NE-SW direction. Tephra deposits were founded at Inde hill. These pyroclastic deposits can reflected the type of volcanic eruption of the study area. The volcanic activities can be divided as least five major events. Each major event has been found minor episodes. The type of volcanism is strombolian type at Inde Hill. In accordance with the field relationship, the volcanic eruption of the study area occurred during Pliocene to Holocene time.

In this study, the maps of fundamental frequency, shear wave velocity to a depth of 30m (V_s³⁰), soil thickness and seismic design category were determined based on MHVSR data. Soil samples were collected from 16 shallow boreholes and 26 microtremor points. The fundamental frequency value is inversely related to soil or sediment thickness. The low frequency may strongly influence the seismic site effect of tall building than short building. The V_s³⁰ ranges from <220 to >420 ms^-1. The minimum Vs30 zones represent soft or recent alluvial soil, and these areas may be highly seismic site effect zones than other places. The seismic design category map of the study area was conducted based on V_s³⁰ values using standard site class of Eurocode-8 (EC8). According to the resulted data, the western portion of the study area may suffer stronger ground shaking than other places during an earthquake.

The present paper emphasized the agricultural land utilization of Mohnyin Township from geographical point of view. In examining the agricultural land utilization, it is found that land utilization in agriculture of the township is changing both in terms of spatially and temporally.

Network Analysis aims at finding solutions to routing problems related to transferability, rate of flow, and network connectivity. It helps in identifying optimumlocations for services to be provided. Transportation Network Analysis use to determine the flow of vehicles through a transport network the investigation of structural analysis in transport line of MayangoneTownship has been fully emphasizes on the distribution pattern of vertices or node and edges. The required data was collected from YCBCC and field work. The Arc GIS 10.1 is used to perform the extraction of region of interest from primary data. Total road length and total area iscalculated using the Arc Map software. It is used to calculate the Network Connectivity Indices.

Waste disposed system of Banmaw is studied from a geographical point of view. Banmaw is the administrative center of Banmaw Township with a total area of about 25.59 square miles. In 2019, the town is settled by 53,049 persons. With the increasing population disposal of solid wastes becomes as a growing problem in Banmaw. Most of these solid wastes come from homes and markets and the highest quantities of solid wastes are found in Paukkone, Thizi, and Khuntha ward. Waste disposal system of Banmaw is managed by Banmaw Township Municipality Department under bell ring collection system. The people also practice landfill, burning and other method while some households reuse their solid wastes to some extent. Wastes are disposed in various ways to municipality wastes collection system Some households used to burn their wastes in their compounds and there is a high positive correlation between the amount of waste and population.

Yenanchaung (c. 906-1885) stands out as providing its regional identity in the descriptions of the Ati-ghosa-makuṭa-ghamḍa-rājā Bell Inscription and the Pinn Cakkalaṁpa Stone Inscriptions. The paper attempts to check those Inscriptions that aimed at recording religious contributions and personal accomplishments. The former researchers depended on             office-records and personal notes. Now, comparing with the contemporary documents, an examination of contents in those Inscriptions is thoroughly made with an intention to gain the historical reliability. This examination leads to discoveries: different names for Yenanchaung; regional background and royal officials of the Town. Moreover, those Inscriptions provide for some accounts of Yenanchaung, and an estimate of wealth of Twin-roe Twin-za Community who took the leading role in Yenanchaung’s Society. It can be concluded that the paper partially reveal Identity of Yenanchaung.

The objective of this investigation is to estimate the current status of physical, chemical characteristics and metals’ content of fresh water sources in some places of Shan State, Myanmar. The experimental analysis was done in URC, University of Yangon and ALARM Ecological laboratory at Kamayut Township, Yangon. The obtained results (physical and chemical parameters) and toxic metals’ content dissolved in chosen water were listed and compared with drinking water quality guidelines provided by WHO and Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). Moreover, Pearson correlation relations between various water parameters were determined. The recorded results proved that water quality of three samples were excellent of grading “A” but sample-4 was very poor of grading “D”. Therefore, local people should not drink this stream water   (SSS-4) without treatment.

Keywords – fresh water, physical and chemical characteristics, water quality analysis, water quality indices (WQI), correlation coefficient (r)

Weather data such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, pressure and etc., are received from Open Weather Map.org using the  ESP32.  The Open Weather Map.org gives out to the users the application programming interface (API) tool which can be used to request the weather data for the specified location. By signing up for the Open Weather Map.org and creating theown account, the application programming interface identification (APIID) or API keycan be obtained. The city name and country code are filled up the API URL (Uniform Resource Locator) with API key to obtain the weather data of that specified location. The same manner can repeat for the different city and country.Using Open Weather Map.organd ESP32, nomorecomplicated sensors are requiredto obtain the variety of weather data. And then, the cost for weather monitoring system usingOpen Weather Map.org is less than that using actual sensors. The weather data can be obtained at anywhere with internet access from a certain place.

This study focused on the preparation of magnesium (Mg) incorporated hydroxyapatite (HAp) samples by co-precipitation method at two different temperatures (room temperature and 40 °C). Duck eggshells were used as a low cost calcium source. The crystal structures and phase purities of prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphologies of prepared samples were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). At room temperature, hydroxyapatite (HAp) phase was observed, however, when the sample preparation temperature was increased to 40 °C, HAp phase obviously decreased in XRD and FTIR results. Irregular shaped microstructures and microrods composed of nanoparticles were observed in SEM images of prepared samples at room temperature and 40 °C, respectively.

This research work presents a study of the classification of elements contained in some rice and wheat samples by using the energy dispersive X-rays fluorescence spectrometer with X-rays analysis software. The measurements were done at University Research Centre (URC), Yangon University with EDXRF facilities (EDX 700 instrument).In this research; qualitative and quantitative analysis of the rice and wheat samples were investigated. Three groups of rice samples are obtained from the various townships of Ayeyarwady division and three classes of wheat samples are obtained from local market. This study aimed to describe the ap­plication of an EDXRF (Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence) method to determine the element concentration percentages of P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn in wheat and rice samples. This paper also presented the properties of the contained elements and the effects of those elements on human beings. It is also observed that rice and wheat are essential nutrients for human beings.

In this work, the thickness of various aluminium sheets is determined by using the Geiger-Muller (GM) radiation detector. For this procedure, the beta source ⁹⁰Sr (strontium) was used. The standard absorber calibration curve is constructed by using the measured data. And also the determination of the thickness was calculated by using the absorber calibration curve. Besides the standard absorber calibration curve is fitted with (linear, on a different scale). The coefficient of determination R² value is close to 1. The results of slide caliper measurement and the radiation technique measurement are nearly equal.

Three ranges astable frequency Generator are designed with digital control capacitance circuit using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS¹) bilateral switch and frequency generator. The capacitances 1nF, 10nF and 100nF are used to control the frequency three ranges. The variation of the capacitance controlled frequency by a bilateral switch 4016 was displayed by light emitting diode (LED²). The output frequency of an astable³ oscillator was controlled from 45 Hz to 60 kHz.

The aim of this paper is to describe that the sound of hand clapping controls the electrical appliances. This system can control to on/off the electrical appliances by the sound of hand clapping. The sound sensor module used to convert the sound of a clap to electrical signal. The obtainable signal is sent to Arduino microcontroller. The microcontroller counts the number of claps to control the electrical components. Microcontroller is used for controlling the whole process. The five light bulbs and one fan represent for demonstration with electrical appliances. The other electrical devices can be used instead of this electrical component. This system is generally used for a light, television, fan or similar electronic devices that the person will want to turn on/off from bed. Difficulty of blind people to find out the switch board or remote to control appliance can be eased by the help of this system.

The energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) system (Shimadzu EDX-720 spectrometer) was applied to investigate the metal contents in mineral-ore samples from different mines: Hermyingyi, Wagone, Kalonta, Heinda and Kanbauk in Dawei district (Tanintharyi region). According to results, it was found that the mineral-ore samples of interest were mainly based on tungsten or wolfram (W), tin (Sn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) metal elements. In addition, some of these samples were composed of other combined metal elements: Pb, Nb, Mo, Ti, Ac, Zr, Bi, Ni, Th, Au and Cr, respectively. Gold mineral (Au) element was observed obviously only in the sample M (3) from Kalonta Mine but not found in elsewhere.

 We fabricated the MEH-PPV:PCBM polymer solar cells with and without TiO_x interlayer in order to investigate the effect of interlayer on efficiency of MEH-PPV:PCBM polymer solar cells. The TiO_x interlayer (10 nm) was inserted between the photoactive layer and cathode. The control device provides open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.63 V, short circuit current (J_sc) of 0.67 mA/cm², and fill factor (FF) of 26.4, thus the efficiency of the device is 0.11%. For the device with TiO_x interlayer, the V_oc reduced to 0.49 V, J_sc significantly increased to 3.00 mA/cm² and FF slightly decreased to 24.6, producing an efficiency as high as 0.36%.

Sun protection factors (SPF) of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles mixed with heartwood of Myanmar thanaka were optimized by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and SPF values were calculated by using standard SPF formula. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by low temperature solution method. The maximum absorption wavelength of as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The structural properties of ZnO were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) by preparing the ZnO/Si films which were annealing at different temperatures 400, 500 and 600 °C for 2 h. The functional groups of the samples were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR). The antimicrobial activities of prepared samples were also performed for the purpose of using them in cosmetics.  It was found out that SPF values of ZnO nanoparticles could be greatly enhanced when it was mixed with heartwood of thanaka powder and all prepared samples showed high antimicrobial activities.

This article presents the prototype design of a teaching aids speed detection system.  The hardware and firmware work together to detect the speed of moving object. The firmware controls the operation of the hardware that checks the speed of moving object, such as vehicles. When the vehicle passes the two sensors, the microcontroller counts the time taken to pass two sensors and calculates the speed according to the formula in firmware instruction. The detected speed is displayed on the 16×2 alphanumeric liquid crystal display (LCD). The circuit work consists of a mid-range PIC16F877A microcontroller, a few push to on switches, a crystal oscillator and display unit. In prototype design, the two switches are used as two sensors. The control program is written in Assembly language programming. It can detect the speed of the vehicle and displays how fast or how slow its speed at that moment.

Many fields in real life can be explained by binomial probability distribution. In this paper, the basic concepts of probability distribution of random variable are discussed first, and then Random sample and statistical measures are explained. The concepts of binomial experiment and normal approximation to binomial distribution are described. Finally, real life examples of binomial distribution with excel tool are presented. The expected profit can be computed in charging and compensation.

Taylor’s Series method and Runge-Kutta method are presented. Taylor’s Series method is explained with one example.   Runge-Kutta method  is explained with one example. Numerical solutions and analytical solutions of the ordinary differential equation by Taylor’s Series method at  and   are computed by using Matlab and compared. And then numerical solutions and analytical solutions of the ordinary differential equation by Runge-Kutta method  at  and    are computed by using Matlab and compaired. Moreover, analytical solutions of the ordinary differential equation from  to            and  from  to   are drawn as the figures by using Matlab. The error at  and the error at  are calculated. The error at   is smaller than the error at .

The Markov Chain is one of the most important concepts in operation research and it is used in learning the true state of nature. The stochastic processes are the probabilities models for the process that evolved over time in a probabilistic manner. In this paper, it presents the sample data which are collected from the Shwe Pyae San Company, Monywa, in details in case study. Sales fluctuations were estimated and computed by using Markov Chain. Numbers of goods in duration were conditioning calculated sales from February to April (during Coivid-19 outbreak in Myanmar). Markov Chain proves that people can predict future events ranging from the sale fluctuations to the company trend by applying the stochastic calculation correctly and analyzing empirical data from past months. The estimation using this method is useful in economy. Therefore it is observed that the products of detergent powder, soap, hand sanitizer, shampoo, etc. These are the best sellers during this period.

Public efforts have ignored some of the basic principles of the introductory course on statistical techniques. This article focuses on this aspect. Sometimes mistakes are made because of the size of the steps. The most important part of a construction is the root. Mathematic factor is also very important in a building. Building points are also very important.  But for convenience, clubbing the forward Euler algorithm with the backward Euler algorithm can lead to serious misconceptions. With this in mind, we consider only a few problems under the common Differential Equation (ODE) category. A differential equation consisting of one or more dependent derivatives.

This paper presents the congestion of transportation system by using M/M/m queuing model. It evaluates the performance measures of a queuing system generated in AungMingalar highway bus terminal. Data’s on arrivals and service times were collected from the transportation system and performance parameters carried out using M/M/m model. This model were applied to evaluate the queuing performance measures, the model was used to estimate for different channels, the system utilization, average number of vehicles(vehs) on the channels and in the system, the average time a vehicle spends on the channels and in the system, the probability of no vehicle in the system capacity and probability that an arrival waiting before being service. The result has shown that under the two channels, the queuing system is heavy trafficked. Interestingly, this phenomenon could be eased in the system if additional channels can be constructed working in parallel to the existing two channels.

In this paper, we introduce one-dimensional wave equation. We can use many methods solving partial differential equations. Among them are Euler’s method, Taylor series method, Runge-Kutta method, Picard’s method and so on. The method of separation of variables and Fourier series method are use. In example 2.1 and article 3, we describe the solutions of second order and fourth order partial differential equation and these exact solutions are usefully interpreted in terms of the diagram.

Water Quality Monitoring Sensed Parameters Using IoTsWater is an essential need for survival. Water pollution is one of the biggest fears for the green globalization. In order to ensure the safe supply of drinking water the quality needs to be monitor in real time. This paper describes a design and development of a low-cost system for real time monitoring of the water quality in IoT(Internet of things). In this system, several sensors are used to measure physical and chemical parameter of water. Several parameters such as pH and temperature can be measured. The measure from the sensors can be processed by the core controller. As a main controller, the Arduino model can be used. Finally users can be viewed sensor data using Wi-Fi system. In this paper, the author is taking four water samples from Technological University (Kyaukse) and around Kyaukse city to measure the quality of water. The monitoring result of water sample can be seen in Thingspeak cloud server. By using Thingspeak cloud server, analysis data can export with excel file.

      The home automation system is mostly designed by using Bluetooth with the aid of MIT inventor app or Blynk app. In this research, web server is utilized instead of Bluetooth. The Webserver home page is completed with HTML and CSS. The security of web server based home automation system is solved by using the password. ESP32 is feature-rich the system on the chip (SOC) with integrated the Wi Fi and dual Bluetooth mode. It can be connected to the local Wi Fi. It can receive HTTP request from client and HTTP response to client. ESP32 is functioned as the web server. The user name and password is encoded by using Base64encode .org. The password functionality can be added to any webserver of which wanted to be protected. 8-channel relay is used to control the home appliances via web server.

Physical data are determined, monitored and logged in various methods. Internet of things(IoT) based data logging system is more reliable to use than others because of the lack of labors and less expenditure. In this research, the physical data such as temperature and humidity are measured using DHT 11 sensor ESP8266 NodeMCU.The process is implemented by using NodeMCU Wi-Fi module which is a microcontroller integrated with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capability. As DHT 11 produces 40-bit digital output including both temperature and humidity data, it is connected to one of the digital pin of microcontroller. NodeMCU ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is contributed in data collection and data sending to “Adafruit io” via internet router. Adafruit io provides very good tool for IoT based researches. By using Adafruit site, data can be monitored and control the system over the Internet. Adafruit io ‘Collects’ the data from the sensors, ‘Analyze and Visualize’ the data and ‘Acts’ by triggering a reaction. This research can be used in the environmental science as well as in remote weather station.

Web server camera is a digital camera that sending the streaming imageusing the local WiFi access. They are compact and cost effective so that they are used in home security.No wire connection between camera module and monitor is needed but they require only WiFi access. In this research, the camera is made with the ESP32-CAM board which is included WiFi. ESP32-S chip, the OV2640 camera, a microSD card are combined in ESP32 –cam module. All of GPIO pins of ESP32 are not used in ESP32-cam but some GPIO pins are used for connection to OV2640 camera and microSD card. The ESP32 camera transmits a video streaming to web server that share videoto any users in local WiFiaccess .

A robot can program normally for human hands. This robot is one of the embedded system designs which is interfaced the arduino program with the robot arm chassis. This system is mainly used Arduino UNO, color sensor, three servo motors and robot arm chassis to implement the color classification robotic arm. The color sensor is used in the robotic arm to classify the color of the object. The position of the boxes to keep the objects according to the degree of the motor which is defined in the program. Thus the moment of the robot arm depends on the detected color. The main objective of the project is to detect the color of the object and to pickup this object. And then, the robot arm takes it and keeps it to the specified box. Red, Green and Blue colors can be classified because TCS3200 is used in this system. This robot factory can be used industries, factories, supermarkets etc.

The main goal of this research is to construct an automatic water dispenser for corona virus prevention. This research is one of the applications of ultrasonic sensor. The whole system is constructed using HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, ATMEGA328P microcontroller, relay and water dispenser. The ultrasonic sensor is used to sense the presence of hands below the outlet of the water dispenser. ATMEGA328P microcontroller is used as the main control and processing device of the whole system. The relay is used for switching the power of the water dispenser. The water pump is used to pump-out the water to the outlet of the water dispenser. In this work, an AC 220 V water pump is used as  the water dispenser The ATMEGA328P microcontroller always monitor the output ofHC-SR04 ultrasonic sensorand produce the switching signal to the relay based on the presence of hands. The CircuitMaker 2000 software is used to draw the required circuit connection diagram.The control program for ATMEGA328P microcontroller is written with C programming language and compiled using Arduino 1.8.12 software. When the hand is below the outlet of dispenser, the water will automatically flow out. Therefore it is not required to operate the tap with our dirty hands, and corona virus can also be prevented.

The water TDS (total dissolved solids) monitoring system is designed and constructed by using Keyestudio TDS sensor, chipKIT Uno32 microcontroller board and LabVIEW programming software. The TDS sensor used in the present research is the analog output type sensor.  The output voltage of the sensor changes according to the TDS value of the water. The output voltage of the TDS sensor ranges from 0 to 2.3 V. The corresponding TDS values are from 0 to 1000 ppm. The TDS value of the water is usually expressed in ppm (parts per million).  The sensor output is fed into the ADC (analog to digital convertor) circuit of the chipKIT Uno32 board. Analog to digital conversion, data processing and interfacing with PC are done by using LabVIEW software. The measured TDS values are displayed in graphical format as well as in numerical format. Therefore, the changes in TDS values of water can be monitored simultaneously while the measuring of the TDS is done.

The main objective of the paper is to observe and detect the information about the enemy during the war or on the border lines of country without human. This system is designed as a modernized spy car especially with Wi-Fi Camera. It is configured with spy camera, driver module, and Arduino UNO board. To transmit the surveillance videos about the enemy, the Wi-Fi camera is adapted in the spy car. By this way, we aim to save the human life in the war field. Moreover, it can record and store the history about the situations from the target areas. If this system is used effectively, it can be seen as a modern advanced technology

In nowadays, for communication or some other purpose a large amount of data is sent from one place to another place. A large amount of data communication can be into high cost and lower down the performance. So,this paper has developed various systems to compress the text data to minimize data transfer cost and to rise the performance of the communication channel. In a process of data compression Text file or audio file or video file may be transformed to another compact file. This file is that original fully file recovers from the original file without any loss of actual information. If one wants to save the storage space, this process will be useful.  Also compressed files are much more easily exchanged on the internet since they can be uploaded and downloaded much faster. In this paper, a data compression algorithm is represented using advanced text compression algorithm which uses Huffman Coding to compress and decompress the text data. A technology for reducing the size of data used to describe any content is compression. The number of bits required to store and/or transmit digital media is reduced by compression. Compression technique is used for storing easier for large amount of data. Simple of translating the stream of prefix codes to individual byte values the process of decompression.

Replication of the database is the process of creating and maintaining multiple instances of the same database, and the process of sharing data or changes in database design between databases at different locations without having to copy the whole database. A protocol for concurrency control ensure that incorrect behavior cannot occur as a result of multiple clients being able to access the same time.Optimistic concurrency control (OCC) is a concurrency control method applied to transactional systems such as relational database management systems and software transactional memory. We proposed OCC algorithm to solve this issue of tolerant restart for abort transactions. And we proposed a framework for lazy replicated database scheme. In this paper, we compare new optimistic concurrency control protocol with traditional protocol for replicated databases. And we present the commit times between the slaves that are connected the simulation system of our protocol.

RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) algorithm proposed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adlenman in 1977 is the most widely develop public key cryptography. It can be used in key management, digital signature and message encryption scheme. At the present day, it is used for securing web traffic, e-mail and some wireless devices. Since RSA is based on arithmetic modulo large numbers, it is can be slow in constrained environments. Especially, when the key length is increased, the RSA decryption can be slow. In this paper, RSA using Chinese remainder theorem (RSA-CRT) is implemented and the speed performance efficiencies of all algorithm are compared at decryption stage. In this system, the algorithm is used for message encryption scheme. To implement this system, Chinese remainder theorem is used. This system is implemented by using Mat-Lab.

Nowadays, internet and mobile devices are changing our society. It is difficult to imagine almost activity without their ever presence. Thus, Information security becomes an important issue in this day. Computer virus are one of the threats that attack theuser’s confidentiality and privacy. The user’s electronic devices can be attacked by the different types of virus via internet or downloaded malicious software while they are connectingwith their devices. Antivirus software is a type of program designed and developed to protect computers and other devices. Using antivirus software is a good way to detect and protect virus to access the internet. Computer university students must understand about information security and their relative threats. This paper is presented a survey on computer university students to know about virus and how to protect their IT devices from virus infections. Survey questionnaire results show that respondents successfully recognized most of the common computer virus and antivirus software.   

      The tremendous increasing volume in various uses of audio data in a variety of today’s applications has entailed the improvement of audio database systems with more and more new features such as content-based queries and similarity searches to handle and manage these data. Quickly and exactly searching for content-based queries is vital to the usability of these systems. Efficient indexing and similarity searching schemes of content are solutions to supporting rapid and relevant data retrievals. In this paper, we propose a transform-based indexing scheme for audio data in multimedia databases is presented and Simple Search Algorithm is used for index searching.  The method is based on transform techniques used in signal processing which convert data from a time domain to frequency domain.

Sign Language is a primary form of communication between members of the Deaf community. Sign Language recognition system acts as an interpreter between common people and socially aided people. Firstly, this system consisted of the image acquisition by using digital camera, making pre-processing steps. In training phase, back-propagation algorithm was used to train the multilayer perceptron and the gradient descent momentum with LR (traingdx) method was used for training the input feature vectors of sign language. And also, to be reduced the error values in training Neural Network, Mean Square Error (MSE) function was also used for this system. The sign languages of 26 English alphabets were applied in this system. The 156 images of all alphabets were used for the training process by taking six images for each alphabet. And then, 260 alphabet images were tested in this system. The overall process of this system was performed by using MATLAB. The accuracy of the sign language recognition is also presented in this paper.

The current research illustrates the pattern of job encounters with unemployed workers. Today everyone has to work. As a result, they look for a job and life balance that matches their abilities. Every graduate has many opportunities in the workplace. But they can find one job from another. That’s why we need a job agency to find employees. This paper proposes a work agency system. The purpose of this paper is to identify the work of employees’ qualifications. In this system, there are registered agents, including job seekers and employers. User interface Job Search Agent Contains CV creator and employer. Job seekers can register our system using an interface agent and use a register agent.  The job seeker can use the job search agent to find a job. They can create the CV first and apply for the job. Employers can use our system to find qualified employees and register agents.

Many scientists have been working for this solution for a long time. The invention of wheel chair is a great boon to them but it still restricts their motion. This project describes the design of a voice controlled wheelchair and home appliances using embedded system. Proposed design supports voice activation system for severely disabled persons incorporating manual operation with switch.   The system comprises of transmitting and receiving module. Initially, the voice command is stored in the data base with the help of the function keys. Then the input voice commands are transmitted through wireless. The idea is implemented for the parallelized persons by voice controlled wheelchair through speech processing using digital signal processor. Two DC motors are used as the actuator for driving the wheelchair. The dc motor connected to gear of wheelchair using chain. So when the dc motor rotated the wheelchair rotated as well.  The segment of the disabled community finds it difficult or impossible to use wheelchairs. There is extensive research on computer controlled chairs where sensors and intelligent control algorithms have been used to minimize the level of human intervention
It is intended for the disabled for the transportation and for the business. This project aims at developing a mechanism for easy transportation of heavy loads over stairs. The need for such a system arises from day-to-day requirements in our society.

Today, shortest path problem refers to emerging technology such as map based systems. There are various types of algorithms with shortest paths or routes. The main objective of this paper is to know Dijkstra’s Algorithm and Bellman-Ford Algorithm in solving shortest problem of the road. And, in graphical forms, further examples and implementations of algorithms are shown to demonstrate how and of the algorithms operate.  Dijkstra’s algorithm for non-negative weight graphs and Bellman-Ford algorithm that manages negative weights and it can detect negative cycles, too. The well-known Dijkstra’s Algorithm and Bellman-Ford Algorithm are applied in this paper to find shortest routes to travel from one town to another. It is therefore essential to choose an efficient route for travelling. Generally speaking, the goal is to get shortest route from one town to another. The time complexity of Dijkstrs’s algorithm is faster than Bellman-Ford algorithm and the travelling paths don’t have negative-weight. So, Dijkstrs’s algorithm is better to use.

In our daily lives, traveling on the road network is one of the critical parts and emergency vehicles are using the road network for an evacuation process. To provide an effective response in evacuation processes, it is necessary to provide the optimal evacuation route without any delay along the way. However, it is not easy to analyze and computing the evacuation route on complex and large road networks. Because the metropolitan areas of road network structure are weak and complex in many developing countries like Myanmar. There are some narrow streets which are not wide enough to easily enter or exit the emergency vehicles and one-ended streets which are not passed through the other sides. If the emergency car drivers incorrectly choose these streets, it will cause problems and interruptions. There are many approaches to solve route-finding problems however these approaches are still challenged to apply on the large and complex road network. To solve these issues, this paper proposes advanced Dijkstra’s algorithm with some modification on the original Dijkstra’s Algorithm and develop the web-based evacuation route-finding system for emergency vehicles by using the proposed method. Finally, the implementation proves that the evacuation route by using the proposed method is more suitable for the complex road network and the performance of the modified method is better than the original method in evaluation tests.

One of the major causes of unnatural loses of human beings all over the world in road traffic accident. The aim of the study is to apply Radial Basic Function (RBF) architecture of neural network for predicting injury severity scale. RBF network type models are applied to predict injury severity level of alcohol presence data from US traffic accident.  This study acquired as categorical variables from the National Automotive Sampling System which is reported to police in the United States.  This study reveals that extracted factors of alcohol presence data have the highest predictive power to explaining injury severity scale of vehicle crash.

Today, data mining is the powerful technology and Decisions, selections in medicine areas and operations are the most essential part of identifying medicaments of a patient. Determination of a delivery type is important because the life of mother and fetus depended to this choice. There are two ways for babies can enter world. Attribute selection measure and decision tree classifiers are famous techniques of classification in knowledge discovery technique. This paper extracts rules on concept learning or training system in dataset. The objective of this paper is to predict categorical class label for the pregnant woman. 20 pregnant women are surveyed as dataset. Depending upon their six attributes, feature selection and the class labeled training tuples are measured using entropy of decision tree induction. The highest information gain among the attributes is the root of tree node, the rules are extracted and finally determine pregnant women are needed Caesarean or not by using ID3 decision tree algorithm.

Sentiment analysis has become popular in linguistic researches. Opinions for such analysis are drawn from many forms of freely available online/ electronic sources, such as websites, blogs, news re-ports and product reviews. In this paper, a given input sentence is classified as either a positive or negative depending upon the opinion’s polarity score by using Vader rule-based approach. Some occasions, the opinion does not say anything about the topic being talked about; such neutral opinions can be considered as objective opinions and ignore them. Moreover, to show the domain independency of our previous work, we set our experiment by combining all datasets into one, input to the system and analyzed them. The results of this domain independency evaluation are calculated in term of precision, recall and f1-score. Finally, the accuracy of the polarity classification is described and analyzed.

Nowadays breast cancer becomes very major disease in many women. Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control. Signs of breast cancer include swelling by all or part from a breast, dimple skin, breast or nipple pain and nipple discharge. By using the breast cancer patient data, it generates the rules based on Classification and Adaptive Regression Trees (CART). CART is binary tree and it splits two branches for each node. Gini splitting rule is used for tree growing. Splitting is stopped when number of observations in the node is less than predefined minimum vale (Nmin). In this paper the Gini classification algorithm is used and is helpful in early treatment for the breast cancer patients.

Nowadays learning cluster computing and its applications are critical in all computing area. High computing can be gathered by using cluster and high speed processor.Almost all parallel programs that run on supercomputers are created using Message Passing Interface (MPI) library and also use on Raspberry Pi (RPi) cluster. .In this research, we constructed ten nodes forty cores RPi cluster and to analyze the performance of cluster, we have executed the numerical Pi value estimation problem on super-cheap computing cluster and as comparison, ran this computation on dual-core processor.The interesting results running on dual-core processors was as the number of random points increases, running time also increases and moreaccurate Pi valuewe got. According to the test result, the executing time ofRPI cluster was slightly slower than dual-core processor and dual core processor was approximately twice faster thanRPI cluster.

In internetworking system, every end system needs unique IP address to communicate each other. In last decades, the internet grew rapidly. The advanced internet usage in all areas threatened the IPv4 address space.NAT, network address translation ,can solve this issue temporarily. NAT is a technology that can be used as an agent between private network and global Internet. NAT can also connect between overlapping networks. Overlapping networks, different stub networks, use overlapped private addresses. When two devices in overlapping networks communicate each other, NAT translates their IP addresses for convenience. There are two ways of developing NAT to solve the overlapping networks. One is each NAT router on both sites solve their overlapped local addresses. The last one is that only one NAT router manage the connecting of two overlapped networks. This paper presents the detail analysis of how NAT router solve the communication of overlapping networks by using the simulation mode of packet tracer.

One of the most important documents is certificates for graduates from universities and other educational institutions. A certificate is a certificate of qualification for a graduate that is used for a job or other matters relating. Advancement of IT and low cost and high quality office supplies on the marketplace have contributed to the development of essential documents such as certificates, identification cards and passports. However, it is costly and time consuming to check certificates using traditional methods. The aim of this paper is to introduce a theoretical model, which can give the possible solution for the issue and verification of academic certificates using blockchain based. There are many functions such as hash, public and private key cryptography, digital signatures, peer-to-peer networks and work evidence in blockchain technology. The models formulate a system divided into two principal processes using different elements, namely the issuance of a digital certificate of academic signature and the academic certificate verification. The paper proposed to use blockchain technology to validate university certificates. This meets all the criteria for a modern verification program for academic certificates. In addition, the new approach for confirming academic certificates validity fills up the gaps and challenges.

Computer network is a region which domain needs expert in networking principle and applicable experience. Teaching computer network concepts is challenging due to theoretical abstract concepts. To understand students in   theoretical network field with the aid of virtual laboratories is very important. Network Simulation is a modeling and testing how the network will work without being physically installed.A Virtual Private Network uses tunneling inexpensive use of bandwidth, extendable and adjustable functionality, confidentiality and protected communication among peer sites. In this study, we implement design of VPN tunnel using IPSec framework for configuring secure VPN using Packet Tracer software which enables to work as virtual network environment without using any physical devices. This paper describes as a case study on site-to-site IPSec VPN using packet tracer simulator to the effective teaching and learning of computer network course as an ideal pedagogical tool for learning computer network course effectively.

Recently, large amounts of data are widely accessible in information structures, and students have attracted great attention of academics to turn such data into useful knowledge. Researchers also need related data from vast records of patients using the feature selection method. The selection of features is the process of identifying the most important attributes and removing redundant and irrelevant attributes. The system implements obtaining information in the original data set without taking into account class labels to create the best functional subset using information gain and Pearson correlation. This system was tested on a chronic kidney disease dataset obtained from the UCI machine learning repository. The best data on chronic kidney disease with all the functions using data mining algorithms such as Naive Bayes, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), J48, K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) to test the effectiveness of the system.

ဤစာတမ်းသည် ယနေ့ခေတ် လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းအတွင်း အ သုံးတွင်ကျယ်နေဆဲဖြစ်သော အာမေဍိတ်များနှင့်ဘာသာ စကားအတွင်း ယင်းတို့ထမ်းဆောင်နေသော ခံစားမှုပြ တာဝန်များကို တင်ပြထားသောစာတမ်းဖြစ်ပါသည်။ လူမှု ဘာသာဗေဒ သတ်မှတ်ချက်များ၊ အာမေဍိတ်၏အဓိပ္ပာယ် ဖွင့်ဆိုချက်များ၊ အာမေဍိတ်များကိုဖြစ်ပေါ်စေသော ခံစား မှုအကြောင်းခံများ၊ အာမေဍိတ်မျာနှင့် ခံစားမှုပြတာဝန်၊ ခံစားမှုပြတာဝန်နှင့်စကားယှဉ်တွဲအပြုအမူ သင်္ကေတများ၊ ပင်ကိုသဘာဝအာမေဍိတ်များဟူ၍ ကဏ္ဍများခွဲကာ လေ့ လာထားသော စာတမ်းဖြစ်ပါသည်။

In this research, natural dyne of chlorophyll extracted from papaya leaf is used as sensitizer to fabricate dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Extracting solvent from hot water and methanol are used to observe the most effective method and dye ability. UV-Vis measurement is carried out to observe the optical properties of papaya extract. From UV-Vis absorption spectrum, band gap energies are investigated.

Laplace transform is a technique for solving differential equations. Laplace transform is a mathematical tool which is used in solving the time domain function by converting it into frequency domain function. In this paper, applications of Laplace transform in science and engineering fields are discussed. Some basic properties of Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform are also presented.  Then, solving differential equations and the currents by using Laplace transforms are discussed.

Tables are ubiquitous in digital libraries. Tables are simple representations of information that show relationships between concepts. Most publications use tables to present, list, summarize, structure the important data in document and concrete findings of research report. Tables allow the authors to present information in a structured manner and to communicate and summarize key results and main facts. In information retrieval, understanding the structure of the table and automatically extracting the content of the table are very important. In this paper, the system proposes to automatically detect and extracted the contents of tables from PDF document.This system is devised on a novel page box-cutting method. By using this method, the system can provide all the necessary facts of a table for the table searching and can improve the performance of table detection. This paper describes techniques for table metadata extraction with XML format and tests on PDF documents.Finally, for table extraction,the comparison of heuristic methods and page box-cutting method are mentioned.

This paper presents a new concept of inheritance and association that supports using object-oriented composition. In object-oriented programming, composition can be used, if an object has one object or is part of another object, for instance, if a computer has a motherboard; the motherboard is a computer component. This system allows the users to define the links that connect objects and express and combine individual composition properties. This system can create class diagram in which field, method, constructor and destructor can be added. Class diagrams can be associated and inherited with each other and generate codes. Abstract class can be created and also associated and inherited with other classes. The system generates code and displays composition techniques and properties.

This system made for the convenience of the seller (owner) and buyer (customer) in betel-nut business by using UML. UML is a standard way to draw different perspectives of software andbecoming more valuable in the market.In the market competition aggravating, it becomes necessary for market players to adopt a business model which can adopt dynamic business changes. This paper presents designing for Betel-Nut Business by using the StarUML software (version 5.0) to draw the diagrams. Requirements of the system are analyzed by Use Case diagram and are designed by Class diagram to generate codes.  This system can be used in any Betel-Nut business start-up, especially any business that uses UML tools including use case and class diagram.

Image compression is the process of converting an image file intofewer bits than the original file. The image compression is not only reduces the size of image but also ensures that quality of image is degraded. The goal of an image compression is to decrease the redundancy of the image and to store data in an effective form. In this paper, we will describe about the various compression techniques. The purpose of this paper is to survey some image compression techniques. As the quality of digital images improves, the size of digital images needs to be increased. In order to store the largest image files, the storage disk needs to be increased. Hence image compression techniques can be used to reduce the cost and improve resources for better result. In this paper, we discuss several image compression techniques such as lossless or lossy image compression techniques briefly.

There are many problems in different fields of computer sciences, computer architecture, artificial intelligence, database applications and computer network. In computer science, the sorting algorithm is fundamental and important. Sorting is usually refers to bringing the set of data items into some well-defined the order. When dealing with research data, sorting is a common method used to visualize data in a form that makes it easier to understand the stories the data tells. To do this, we must specify the concept of line item order consider. I also want to work on existing sorting algorithms and presenting my finding after studying some well- known which are Bubble sort, merge sort, Insertion sort, Quick sort and Selection sort. In this paper we will study these algorithms with the type of data structure obtained by using data sequences, time complexities and efficiency extra overhead.

Matrix computations are basic to a wide variety of problems in scientific and engineering fields. Due to the complexity of some scientific problems, it needs to process a large-scale dense matrix which brings great challenges to compute in a reasonable time. Nowadays, High Performance Computing (HPC) technologies are promising the ability to process a large amount of data with high speed. This paper proposed the implementations of parallel algorithms for matrix multiplication based on distributed system. The experimental results helps to reduce the computational time of large-scale matrix multiplication, and may be useful for the development of technical systems which are essentially need to use matrix multiplication calculation.

People takeinterest in news and opinions. Relying on social networking sites, it generates a wealth of information, including three computer problems. Size, Noise, Dynamics. These issues complicate manual analysis of social media data and lead to the use of computational methods to analyze them. Interactions between people on social networks can be represented by networks or graphs. Each vertical represents an actor, and each link represents a relationship. Information retrieval techniques; many data sets, such as machine learning algorithms and graph theory.This paper provides a survey on differentmethods based on graph theory to analyze social networks.

Now-a-day, many android applications support and help users in nearly all sectors. They can solve many problems in our daily lives as much as faster and easier. Obtaining information using mobile phone is not only quick but also convenient for us. In this paper, Android based mobile application is proposed that will serve as a e-tour guide to offer tourism information to users. Users can search and query information for famous places in Banmaw (Kachin State) including hospital, banks, hotels, guest house, restaurants, clinics, shops and so on. Additionally, regional Kachin language to English and Myanmar translation is also provided to solve language barrier of visitors.

This paper intends to implement the decision supporting tool which uses the AHP method. The decision support system is flexible decision supporting tool in which we can add any case with any criterias and any alternatives. Firstly, the criterias must be considered and alternatives of any problems must be entered into this system. And then the best alternative among a set of alternatives will be chosen from this system using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Finally, any problem with multi-criteria will be easily solved by this system. In product development problems, a decision maker is to select the best alternative among a set of alternatives with respect to the selection criteria of case which user adds. The system is implemented by using visual studio 2017 and Microsoft SQL server 2017 that is used for the data storage.

Grid authentication and authorization services are aimed at verifying the identity of an entity, managing certificates and to restrict from unauthorized accesses to grid resources. Hence, it plays a vital role to get the system availability as well as to prevent the attackers who tries to gain the unauthorized accesses to resources. In fact, this paper proposes the secure certificate framework to improve the security of the certificates based on Grid Security Infrastructure by making each server and each client keep track of how many times a certificate is used and accepted. The main contribution of this paper is using the counting process to secure Authorization and Authentication service for Grid Application.

The certificate is a central concept in Grid Security Infrastructure authentication. The certificate guarantees the authenticity of the data, thus effectively authenticating the sender. In this paper, we propose a secure certificate authentication framework using Counting Process to interact trusty for Grid users .We intend to apply this approach in secured performance on Grids as well as in grid application for authenticating users, protecting attacks, and recovering failed systems. The main idea presented in this paper is to add counting process and matching method into RSA algorithm to apply in Grid certificate authentication.

Grid access control mechanism is aimed at verifying the identity of an entity, controlling certificates and to restrict from unauthorized accesses to grid resources. Hence, it plays a vital role to get the system availability as well as to prevent the attackers who tries to get the unauthorized accesses to resources. In fact, this paper proposes the system that provides the secure certificate framework to offer access control. The main contribution of this paper is creating two types of certificate and using counting process to secure Authorization, Authentication and Access Control service that is adapted to traditional RSA algorithm for Grid Application.